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Introduction to Psychology: On Anima and other Archetypes

🌐 public · created AE550213 (13.02.2025) · by DDH · author: Daniel Devatman Hromada · open in the standard editor view · ▶ open as narrated presentation

The seminar "Introduction to Psychology: On Anima and Other Archetypes" offers an interdisciplinary exploration of history of psychological thought. Beginning with mythological narratives like Amor and Psyche and philosophical texts such as Aristotle's On the Soul, the seminar aims to integrate cross-cultural perspectives—including animism, panpsychism, the Sāṅkhya concept of Ātman and Islamic / Judaic / Jungian models of "the soul".

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  • Introduction to Psychology: On Anima and other Archetypes 🔊
    The seminar "Introduction to Psychology: On Anima and Other Archetypes" offers an interdisciplinary exploration of history of psychological thought. Beginning w
    • is_parent Mythology 🔊
      Science must begin with myths, and with the criticism of myths.Sir Karl Raimund Popper CH FRS FBA
      • is_parent Bhagavadgita
        The Bhagavad Gita (cca. 500 BC) is a philosophical dialogue between the warrior Arjuna and his mythical charioteer Krishna, set on a battlefield symbolizing th
        • is_parent soul is eternal 🔒 ·
          Sanskrit (Bhagavad Gita 2.20):na jāyate mriyate vā kadācinnāyaṁ bhūtvā bhavitā vā na bhūyaḥajo nityaḥ śāśvato ’yaṁ purāṇona hanyate hanyamāne śarīreTranslation:
        • is_parent soul changes bodies like garments 🔒 ·
          Sanskrit (Bhagavad Gita 2.22):vāsāṁsi jīrṇāni yathā vihāyanavāni gṛhṇāti naro ’parāṇitathā śarīrāṇi vihāya jīrṇānianyāni saṁyāti navāni dehīTranslation:“As a pe
        • is_parent soul cannot be destroyed 🔒 ·
          Sanskrit (Bhagavad Gita 2.23):nainaṁ chindanti śastrāṇinainaṁ dahati pāvakaḥna cainaṁ kledayanty āpona śoṣayati mārutaḥTranslation:“Weapons cannot cut it, fire
      • is_parent Eros and Psyche ·
        Maydays assignment: Listen to the audiobook "Eros and Psyche"   https://cloud.medienhaus.udk-berlin.de/library/27ec39fd-d4ce-4250-b4db-ff6eab19ee1f/Apuleui
      • is_parent Myth of the Androgyne
        And the reason is that human nature was originally one and we were a whole, and the desire and pursuit of the whole is called love. There was a time, I say, wh
        • is_parent 🔒 ·
          Does this Platonic myth appear in current art, culture ?Is it somehow relevant to You ?With which psychological concepts which were already introduced could be
      • is_parent Proto-psychological terms of ancient India
        Vṛtti (वृत्ति) – Fluctuations of the mind (thoughts, emotions, perceptions); most dynamic and gross. Saṁskāra (संस्कार) – Latent impressions or ment
        • is_parent Vrittis - Manas - Chitta 🔒 ·
          Vṛttis are mental waves — thoughts, emotions, memories, and perceptions constantly rising and falling. Cognitive events (thoughts, perceptions, emotions)
        • is_parent Buddhi (बुद्धि) 🔒 ·
          The capacity to discriminate, reason, judge, and make decisions. It evaluates inputs from manas and chooses a response.Cognitive Science Correlates: Executive f
        • is_parent Ahamkara (आहंकार) 🔒 ·
          The function that identifies the pure “I” (aham) with thoughts, roles, body, emotions — forming the personal identity and ego. It says “I am this.” and "I do".C
        • is_parent Aham (अहम्) 🔒 ·
          Definition: The bare, pre-reflective sense of being a subject — “I am.” Not yet identifying with roles or narratives .Cognitive Science Correlates: Minimal self
        • is_parent Jiva (जीव) 🔒 ·
          "That which lives" or "the living being" Jīva is the individualized expression of consciousness that experiences and engages with the world as a distinct center
        • is_parent Atman (आत्मन्) 🔒 ·
          The deepest layer of identity — pure awareness, witness of all experiences, beyond mental content and roles. In some philosophical traditions equivalent to subs
      • is_parent Warmup Exercise
        Create groups of five. Discuss & present to each other Your personal answers to the question "What is soul / (How) can/do You define it ?
        • is_parent Group 1 🔒 ·
          split - some people believe, some not, some unsure lot of questions, no answer can one have soul if You are not conscious ? the essence of something, that's wha
        • is_parent Group 2 🔒 ·
          housed by the body there's physicality to it (the soul) soul only exists when we believe it and feel it
        • is_parent Group 3 🔒 ·
          bridge between the one that sees and what is being seen the whole is the ocean, the individual is the droplet more abstract, not something You can fit into logi
        • is_parent Group 4 🔒 ·
          supposed to represent the Core as a metaphysical existence, something very crucial what the person "really" / "objectively" IS person's way to go beyond
        • is_parent Group 5 🔒 ·
          matryoshka not material ? how to materialize it ? is it soft / does it break ? soul can be (not be) influenced by experience where is the soul ? (in whole body
    • is_parent Philosophy 🔊
      Main riddle of this course: Do(es) meaning(s) of the word "soul" evolve in time, or not ?
      • is_parent Soul as immortal charioteer
        "Of the nature of the soul, though her true form be ever a theme of large and more than mortal discourse, let me speak briefly, and in a figure. And let the fig
        • is_parent Soul as mover of the body 🔒 ·
          "... I will endeavour to explain to you in what way the mortal differs from the immortal creature. The soul in her totality has the care of inanimate being eve
      • is_parent Aristotle :: Soul as form
        Aristotle’s theory of soul is grounded in hylomorphism, the idea that all living beings are composites of matter (hyle) and form (morphe). The body is the matt
        • is_parent Hierarchical model of the soul 🔒 ·
          Nutritive Soul (Vegetative Soul):: Found in plants :: Nutrition / Growth / Reproduction :: most basic type of soul Found in animals. :: Includes all the capabil
      • is_parent Neoplatonism ·
        Neoplatonism is a philosophical school of late antiquity (3rd - 6th century AD). Neoplatonists position the soul in the middle of a strict metaphysical hierarc
      • is_parent Christian Theology ·
        Soul is created by God and infused at conception. Augustine: soul seeks rest in God; image of God within the soul. Soul is immortal, destined for salvation or d
      • is_parent Islamic Philosophy ·
        Soul (نَفْس, *nafs*) is a spiritual, immaterial substance. Influenced by Aristotle, Neoplatonism, and Qur’anic revelation. Avicenna: soul is simple, incor
      • is_parent Scholasticism ·
        Thomas Aquinas: soul is the form of the body (via Aristotle). Soul has vegetative, sensitive, and rational powers. Immortality of the rational soul is demonstra
      • is_parent Renaissance & Early Modern
        Renewed interest in Platonism and Hermetic soul cosmologies. Descartes: radical dualism—soul (res cogitans) and body (res extensa). Human soul seen as sea
        • is_parent Cogito ergo sum 🔒 ·
          "Accordingly, seeing that our senses sometimes deceive us, I was willing to suppose that there existed nothing really such as they presented to us; And because
        • is_parent Cogito ergo sum 🔒 ·
          "Accordingly, seeing that our senses sometimes deceive us, I was willing to suppose that there existed nothing really such as they presented to us; And because
      • is_parent Empiricism and Materialism
        Soul increasingly reduced to observable mental or bodily processes. Locke: denies innate ideas—soul as tabula rasa, a passive receiver. Start of the NATURE / N
        • is_parent Associationism 🔒 ·
          Soul or mind functions through the association of ideas. David Hartley: vibrations in nerves correspond to mental associations. Mind explained through natural l
        • is_parent L'homme machine 🔒 ·
          The human body is a machine which winds its own springs. It is the living image of perpetual movement. Without food, the soul pines away, goes mad, an
        • is_parent Associationism 🔒 ·
          Soul or mind functions through the association of ideas. David Hartley: vibrations in nerves correspond to mental associations. Mind explained through natural l
        • is_parent L'homme machine 🔒 ·
          The human body is a machine which winds its own springs. It is the living image of perpetual movement. Without food, the soul pines away, goes mad, an
      • is_parent German Idealism & Romanticism ·
        Soul is active, not passive—central to constructing experience. Kant: we can never know "soul" as a thing-in-itself. Fichte: ego (Ich) posits itself—soul as dy
      • is_parent Panpsychism ·
        All matter possesses some form of experience or consciousness. William James: stream of consciousness is continuous, plural, and lived. Rejects both materialism
      • is_parent Care for the soul ·
        Socrates says: ΤΟ ΕΠΙΜΕΛΕΙΣΘΑΙ ΕΑΥΤΟΥ ΕΣΤΙΝ ΕΠΙΜΕΛΕΙΣΘΑΙ ΤΗΣ ΨΥΧΗΣ / To care for oneself is to care for the soul.ΟΥ ΤΑ ΧΡΗΜΑΤΑ ΥΜΑΣ ΠΟΙΕΙΝ ΑΛΛΑ ΤΗΝ ΨΥΧΗΝ ΩΣ ΑΡ
      • is_parent pre-socratic ·
        Soul (ψυχή) often equated with life-force or breath. "all things are full of gods" Aristotle, De Anima 411a7, quoting Thales Heraclitus: the sou
      • is_parent Hellenistic ·
        Epicureans: soul is material, composed of fine atoms.No afterlife: soul dissolves at death—no reason to fear it.Stoics: soul is PNEUMA, a fiery breath pervadin
    • is_parent 20th century Psychology 🔊
      • is_parent Behaviorism ·
        Behaviorism
      • is_parent Psychoanalysis
        „Das Ich ist nicht Herr im eigenen Hause.“"The ego is not master in its own house."(Siegmund Freud, 1917)
        • is_parent 🔒
          Born in 1856 in Příbor, Moravia (then part of the Austrian Empire), into a Jewish family. Moved to Vienna at age four, where he lived most of his life. Studied
          • is_parent Birth of dream psychology 🔒 ·
            Freud’s *The Interpretation of Dreams* (DIE TRAUMDEUTUNG, 1899) revolutionized dream theory. He proposed that dreams are wish-fulfillments rooted in unconsciou
          • is_parent Mittwochskreis 🔒 ·
            In the early 1900s, Freud began hosting weekly discussions at his home — the "Wednesday Psychological Society." (evolved into the core of the **Vienna Psychoan
          • is_parent Libido, Id, Ego, Superego 🔒 ·
            Freud redefined *libido* as a psychic energy derived from instinctual drives — primarily sexual but also life-affirming (Eros). This energy powers the psy
          • is_parent Topographic model 🔒 ·
            Divides mental life into three domains: the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious. The conscious contains immediate thoughts and perceptions —
          • is_parent Fehlleistungen 🔒
            Fehlleistungen, or parapraxes, refer to slips of the tongue, memory lapses, or unintended actions. Freud argued these “slips” reveal unconscious tho
            • is_parent Discussion & Homework 🔒 ·
              Discussion : Did recently any interesting "Fehlleistung" happened to You or anyone in Your surroundings ?Homework : If You encounter any Fehlleistung, note it
        • is_parent Adler 🔒 ·
          Alfred Adler was an early member of Freud’s psychoanalytic circle in Vienna. He initially supported Freud’s ideas but disagreed on the centrali
        • is_parent Jung 🔒 ·
          Embracing Freud’s emphasis on the unconscious Carl Gustav Jung (CGJ) was initially a close collaborator and admirer of Freud. Jung proposed a broader concept:
      • is_parent Analytical Psychology
        Analytical Psychology is Carl Jung’s system for understanding the human psyche through symbols and deep unconscious processes. It distinguishes between th
        • is_parent Archetypes
          “The archetype is a tendency to form such representations of a motif—representations that can vary a great deal in detail without losing their basic
          • is_parent Shadow
            The Shadow is the unconscious part of the personality rejected by the ego. It contains traits we consider undesirable—aggression, envy, weakness—but
            • is_parent Imposter syndrome 🔒 ·
              The inner voice saying “I’m a fraud” masks unconscious fear of owning one’s power. The ego clings to a self-image of inadequacy, while p
            • is_parent Traumatic bonding 🔒 ·
              Traumatic bonding occurs when intense fear and dependence fuse with emotional attachment. “In some cases, the victim may unconsciously internalize or merg
            • is_parent one citation 🔒 ·
              "The shadow is a living part of the personality and therefore wants to live with it in some form. It cannot be argued out of existence or rationalized away." (C
            • is_parent Imposter syndrome 🔒 ·
              The inner voice saying “I’m a fraud” masks unconscious fear of owning one’s power. The ego clings to a self-image of inadequacy, while p
            • is_parent Traumatic bonding 🔒 ·
              Traumatic bonding occurs when intense fear and dependence fuse with emotional attachment. “In some cases, the victim may unconsciously internalize or merg
            • is_parent one citation 🔒 ·
              "The shadow is a living part of the personality and therefore wants to live with it in some form. It cannot be argued out of existence or rationalized away." (C
          • is_parent Anima
            Anima
          • is_parent Animus
            Animus
          • is_parent Trickster ·
            The Trickster embodies the unconscious psyche in its raw, instinctual, and amoral form. In Native American mythologies, the classical Trickster figure —ch
          • is_parent Child ·
            Child
          • is_parent Self ·
            Self
          • is_parent Death ·
          • is_parent Exercise 2 ·
            Create groups of three people. Choose maximum three archetypes and discuss: how do these archetypes express themselves in myth / book / movie / artpiece of You
          • is_parent Shadow
            The Shadow is the unconscious part of the personality rejected by the ego. It contains traits we consider undesirable—aggression, envy, weakness—but
            • is_parent Imposter syndrome 🔒 ·
              The inner voice saying “I’m a fraud” masks unconscious fear of owning one’s power. The ego clings to a self-image of inadequacy, while p
            • is_parent Traumatic bonding 🔒 ·
              Traumatic bonding occurs when intense fear and dependence fuse with emotional attachment. “In some cases, the victim may unconsciously internalize or merg
            • is_parent one citation 🔒 ·
              "The shadow is a living part of the personality and therefore wants to live with it in some form. It cannot be argued out of existence or rationalized away." (C
            • is_parent Imposter syndrome 🔒 ·
              The inner voice saying “I’m a fraud” masks unconscious fear of owning one’s power. The ego clings to a self-image of inadequacy, while p
            • is_parent Traumatic bonding 🔒 ·
              Traumatic bonding occurs when intense fear and dependence fuse with emotional attachment. “In some cases, the victim may unconsciously internalize or merg
            • is_parent one citation 🔒 ·
              "The shadow is a living part of the personality and therefore wants to live with it in some form. It cannot be argued out of existence or rationalized away." (C
          • is_parent Anima
            Anima
          • is_parent Animus
            Animus
          • is_parent Trickster ·
            The Trickster embodies the unconscious psyche in its raw, instinctual, and amoral form. In Native American mythologies, the classical Trickster figure —ch
          • is_parent Child ·
            Child
          • is_parent Self ·
            Self
          • is_parent Death ·
          • is_parent Exercise 2 ·
            Create groups of three people. Choose maximum three archetypes and discuss: how do these archetypes express themselves in myth / book / movie / artpiece of You
        • is_parent Individuation 🔒 ·
          In Jungian psychology, individuation is the lifelong process of becoming one’s true self by integrating the conscious and unconscious aspects of the psych
        • is_parent Projection 🔒
          Projection is the unconscious transfer of one's inner content onto others or the outer world. It externalizes traits, desires, fears, or conflicts the ego canno
          • is_parent Transference 🔒 ·
            Transference is the unconscious redirection of feelings from early relationships onto a present figure.In therapy, it often surfaces as intense emotions projec
        • is_parent Active imagination 🔒
          Active imagination is a conscious method of engaging with the unconscious. It begins with a dream image, fantasy, or emotion and unfolds through inner dialogue
          • is_parent Exercise: Meeting the Image 🔒 ·
            Now starts a brief experiment in active imagination — not to ‘invent’ something, but to let an inner image speak. Don’t force it. We’re not interpreting, just
      • is_parent Humanistic Psychology ·
        Humanistic Psychology
      • is_parent Cognitive Psychology ·
        Cognitive Psychology
      • is_parent Gestalt Psychology ·
        Gestalt Psychology
      • is_parent Biological Psychology ·
        Biological Psychology
      • is_parent Evolutionary Psychology ·
        Evolutionary Psychology
      • is_parent Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology ·
        Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology
      • is_parent Developmental Psychology ·
        Developmental Psychology
      • is_parent Social Psychology ·
        Social Psychology
      • is_parent Cultural Psychology ·
        Cultural Psychology
      • is_parent Constructivist Psychology ·
        Constructivist Psychology
      • is_parent Transpersonal Psychology ·
        Transpersonal Psychology
      • is_parent Neuropsychology ·
        Neuropsychology
      • is_parent Experimental Psychology ·
      • is_parent Inidividual Psychology ·
        Adler's psychology differs from the Freudian standpoint, which bases a person's psychology on sex and libido. Instead, Adler's psychology focuses on the individ
      • is_parent Leaving 19th century ·
        Romantic thinkers revived interest in dreams as gateways to the soul and creativity. Inspired by positivist currents (e.g. psychophysics), some early psychologi
    • is_parent Archetypes
      “The archetype is a tendency to form such representations of a motif—representations that can vary a great deal in detail without losing their basic
      • is_parent Shadow
        The Shadow is the unconscious part of the personality rejected by the ego. It contains traits we consider undesirable—aggression, envy, weakness—but
        • is_parent Imposter syndrome 🔒 ·
          The inner voice saying “I’m a fraud” masks unconscious fear of owning one’s power. The ego clings to a self-image of inadequacy, while p
        • is_parent Traumatic bonding 🔒 ·
          Traumatic bonding occurs when intense fear and dependence fuse with emotional attachment. “In some cases, the victim may unconsciously internalize or merg
        • is_parent one citation 🔒 ·
          "The shadow is a living part of the personality and therefore wants to live with it in some form. It cannot be argued out of existence or rationalized away." (C
        • is_parent Imposter syndrome 🔒 ·
          The inner voice saying “I’m a fraud” masks unconscious fear of owning one’s power. The ego clings to a self-image of inadequacy, while p
        • is_parent Traumatic bonding 🔒 ·
          Traumatic bonding occurs when intense fear and dependence fuse with emotional attachment. “In some cases, the victim may unconsciously internalize or merg
        • is_parent one citation 🔒 ·
          "The shadow is a living part of the personality and therefore wants to live with it in some form. It cannot be argued out of existence or rationalized away." (C
      • is_parent Anima
        Anima
      • is_parent Animus
        Animus
      • is_parent Trickster ·
        The Trickster embodies the unconscious psyche in its raw, instinctual, and amoral form. In Native American mythologies, the classical Trickster figure —ch
      • is_parent Child ·
        Child
      • is_parent Self ·
        Self
      • is_parent Death ·
      • is_parent Exercise 2 ·
        Create groups of three people. Choose maximum three archetypes and discuss: how do these archetypes express themselves in myth / book / movie / artpiece of You
      • is_parent Shadow
        The Shadow is the unconscious part of the personality rejected by the ego. It contains traits we consider undesirable—aggression, envy, weakness—but
        • is_parent Imposter syndrome 🔒 ·
          The inner voice saying “I’m a fraud” masks unconscious fear of owning one’s power. The ego clings to a self-image of inadequacy, while p
        • is_parent Traumatic bonding 🔒 ·
          Traumatic bonding occurs when intense fear and dependence fuse with emotional attachment. “In some cases, the victim may unconsciously internalize or merg
        • is_parent one citation 🔒 ·
          "The shadow is a living part of the personality and therefore wants to live with it in some form. It cannot be argued out of existence or rationalized away." (C
        • is_parent Imposter syndrome 🔒 ·
          The inner voice saying “I’m a fraud” masks unconscious fear of owning one’s power. The ego clings to a self-image of inadequacy, while p
        • is_parent Traumatic bonding 🔒 ·
          Traumatic bonding occurs when intense fear and dependence fuse with emotional attachment. “In some cases, the victim may unconsciously internalize or merg
        • is_parent one citation 🔒 ·
          "The shadow is a living part of the personality and therefore wants to live with it in some form. It cannot be argued out of existence or rationalized away." (C
      • is_parent Anima
        Anima
      • is_parent Animus
        Animus
      • is_parent Trickster ·
        The Trickster embodies the unconscious psyche in its raw, instinctual, and amoral form. In Native American mythologies, the classical Trickster figure —ch
      • is_parent Child ·
        Child
      • is_parent Self ·
        Self
      • is_parent Death ·
      • is_parent Exercise 2 ·
        Create groups of three people. Choose maximum three archetypes and discuss: how do these archetypes express themselves in myth / book / movie / artpiece of You
    • is_parent Psychotherapy ·
      Psychoanalysis ::: Analytical Psychology ::: Psychodynamic Therapy ::: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) ::: Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) ::: Humanistic
    • is_parent Introduction
      • is_parent Formalities ·
        who am I who are You is this a course for You ? credits (2 ECTS for >75% attendance, +1 for referat/experiment) Hausarbeit possible need help ? (tutor: a.terzi
      • is_parent Matrix room ·
        All those who have a UdK account, log in here *:https://medienhaus.udk-berlin.de/classroom and subsequently join the course (#edu-psyche) room: https:
      • is_parent Context ·
        Introduction to Psychology is concluding seminar of "Art, Cognition, Education" (AEC) seminar series. The objective of AEC has been to introduce art students to
      • is_parent Goal ·
        Only if the Artist understands the Soul can the Art heal her.
      • is_parent Question ·
        Take a pen and piece of paper (or ask Your neighbor if You can borrow it) Ask Yourself a question: "Does soul exist ?" Wait a while (cca 3-5 inhale-exhale cycle
      • is_parent Glossary
        Some words which will be repeated over and over and over again ...
        • is_parent Soul 🔒
          Homework: Answer the question "What is soul ?"Possible modalities: List of synonyms / associations; Definition; Picture; Formula; Sound
          • is_parent [Dictionary and Etymology] 🔒 ·
            "A substantial entity believed to be that in each person which lives, feels, thinks, and wills" [Century Dictionary], Middle English soule, from Old English saw
        • is_parent ψυχή = PSYCHE 🔒 ·
          Greek word meaning: life departed spirit, ghost conscious self, personality butterfly main character of epos Eros & Psyche
        • is_parent Anima 🔒 ·
          Borrowed from Latin anima (“a current of air, wind, air, breath, the vital principle, life, soul”), sometimes equivalent to animus (“mind&rdqu
        • is_parent Libido 🔒 ·
          In Jungian psychology, libido—from Latin libīdō, meaning “desire” or “longing”—refers to the flow of psychic energy that fuels all forms of human motivation, no
        • is_parent Archetype 🔒 ·
          An archetype is a universal, inherited pattern or image that resides in the collective unconscious and shapes human experience, thought, and behavior. Archetype
        • is_parent das Selbst 🔒 ·
          Das Selbst (the Self) is the central archetype and the totality of the psyche, uniting conscious and unconscious elements. It represents the blueprint of wholen
        • is_parent das Unbewusste 🔒 ·
          Das Unbewusste (the unconscious) refers to the vast, hidden realm of the psyche that lies beyond conscious awareness. It includes not only repressed personal ex
        • is_parent Individuation 🔒 ·
          In Jungian psychology, individuation is the lifelong process of becoming one’s true self by integrating the conscious and unconscious aspects of the psych
    • is_parent Student Intervention
      15 - 30 minutes
      • is_parent Referats ·
        Soul in judaic and islamic traditions Emma Jung - On the Nature of the Animus and the Anima & The Anima as an Elemental Being Sabina Spielrein - Destruction
      • is_parent Experiments ·
        Experiments
    • is_parent Psychologic Models and Theories
      List of most important psychologic models and theories
      • is_parent Renaissance & Early Modern
        Renewed interest in Platonism and Hermetic soul cosmologies. Descartes: radical dualism—soul (res cogitans) and body (res extensa). Human soul seen as sea
        • is_parent Cogito ergo sum 🔒 ·
          "Accordingly, seeing that our senses sometimes deceive us, I was willing to suppose that there existed nothing really such as they presented to us; And because
        • is_parent Cogito ergo sum 🔒 ·
          "Accordingly, seeing that our senses sometimes deceive us, I was willing to suppose that there existed nothing really such as they presented to us; And because
      • is_parent Empiricism and Materialism
        Soul increasingly reduced to observable mental or bodily processes. Locke: denies innate ideas—soul as tabula rasa, a passive receiver. Start of the NATURE / N
        • is_parent Associationism 🔒 ·
          Soul or mind functions through the association of ideas. David Hartley: vibrations in nerves correspond to mental associations. Mind explained through natural l
        • is_parent L'homme machine 🔒 ·
          The human body is a machine which winds its own springs. It is the living image of perpetual movement. Without food, the soul pines away, goes mad, an
        • is_parent Associationism 🔒 ·
          Soul or mind functions through the association of ideas. David Hartley: vibrations in nerves correspond to mental associations. Mind explained through natural l
        • is_parent L'homme machine 🔒 ·
          The human body is a machine which winds its own springs. It is the living image of perpetual movement. Without food, the soul pines away, goes mad, an
      • is_parent Four Temperament Theory
        The four temperaments originate in Ancient Greek medicine. Hippocrates (5th century BCE) proposed that health and personality are governed by four bodily fluids
        • is_parent Sanguinic 🔒 ·
          Element: Air Qualities: Warm and moist Personality: Social, energetic, talkative, lively, optimistic Behavior: Enjoys people, easily distracted, creative, forge
        • is_parent Choleric 🔒 ·
          Element: Fire Qualities: Warm and dry Humor: Yellow bile Personality: Ambitious, leader-like, passionate, easily angered Behavior: Goal-oriented, confident, ag
        • is_parent Melancholic 🔒 ·
          Element: Earth Qualities: Cold and dry Humor: Black bile Personality: Thoughtful, introspective, detail-oriented, serious Behavior: Prone to sadness, perfectio
        • is_parent Phlegmatic 🔒 ·
          Element: Water Qualities: Cold and moist Humor: Phlegm Personality: Calm, kind, peaceful, reliable Behavior: Avoids conflict, patient, compassionate, steady, s
        • is_parent Questionnaire 0 🔒
          We’ll explore a simple two-question tool to reflect on your temperament. 1. Energy Direction (E or I):E = I gain energy from being active, social, or in groups
          • is_parent Solution 🔒 ·
            GPT4o maps the 2 x 2 "answer space" onto the 4-temperament space in a following manner:EF → Sanguine: Energetic, social, expressiveEA → Choleric: Driven, asser
      • is_parent Phrenology ·
        Franz Joseph Gall proposed that mental faculties were localized in the brain.Bumps on the skull supposedly indicated personality traits.Phrenology gained popul
      • is_parent Psychophysics
        Gustav Fechner studied the quantitative relationship between stimulus and sensation. "psycho-physics is an exact doctrine of the relation of function or depende
        • is_parent Weber-Fechner's Law 🔒 ·
          Weber's Law: The minimum increase of stimulus which will produce a perceptible increase of sensation is proportional to the pre-existent stimulus
      • is_parent Experimental Memory Research
        Hermann Ebbinghaus pioneered systematic study of memory.Used nonsense syllables to avoid prior associations. Identified the forgetting curve and spacing effect
        • is_parent Forgetting curve 🔒 ·
          Describes how information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain it. The curve shows a steep drop in memory shortly after learning, then a slower
        • is_parent Serial Position Effect 🔒 ·
          Discovered by Hermann Ebbinghaus and later formalized by modern memory researchers.Describes how the position of an item in a sequence affects its likelihood o
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