Embracing Freud’s emphasis on the unconscious Carl Gustav Jung (CGJ) was initially a close collaborator and admirer of Freud.

Jung proposed a broader concept: the **collective unconscious**, shared by all humans and soon started challenging Freud’s sexual theory.

Emphasizing spirituality, mythology, and the process of self-realization (#INDIVIDUATION#), CGJ introduced archetypes—universal symbolic images and motifs that shape human experience. He .

Jung's break with Freud marked the birth of **analytical psychology**, a distinct school.

Born in 1856 in Příbor, Moravia (then part of the Austrian Empire), into a Jewish family.

Moved to Vienna at age four, where he lived most of his life.

Studied medicine at the University of Vienna, eel-cutting internship at Trieste (Italy).

Worked with Ernst Brücke and later studied hysteria under Jean-Martin Charcot in Paris.

Developed the method of free association and the concept of the unconscious.

Published *The Interpretation of Dreams* in 1900, initially ignored, later celebrated.

Gradually became a central figure in Viennese intellectual life and founder of psychoanalysis.

Alfred Adler was an early member of Freud’s psychoanalytic circle in Vienna. He initially supported Freud’s ideas but disagreed on the centrality of sexual drives.

Adler emphasized social interest, community feeling, and the drive for superiority. Focus shifted to conscious goals, lifestyle, and purposeful behavior.

Adler introduced the concept of the INFERIORITY COMPLEX AS A MOTIVATOR FOR GROWTH.

His break with Freud led to the founding of **individual psychology**, a rival school.

Adler’s ideas influenced education, counseling, and humanistic psychology.