Contrasting traditional views that focus on a single, general intelligence, Theory of Multiple Intelligences proposed by Howard Gardner in 1983 posits that humans possess a variety of distinct intelligences. These include linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligences. Each intelligence represents a different way of processing information and solving problems, challenging the notion of intelligence as a singular, measurable trait. This theory emphasizes the unique cognitive strengths individuals have and suggests a more personalized approach to education and learning.

The ability to master language and communicate effectively. People with high linguistic intelligence are adept at reading, writing, telling stories, and memorizing words. They tend to learn best by reading, taking notes, and discussing.

Gardner identifies several key criteria that a cognitive ability must meet to be considered an intelligence:

Potential Isolation by Brain Damage

Existence of Savants, Prodigies, and Other Exceptional Individuals

An Identifiable Core Operation or Set of Operations

A Distinct Developmental Trajectory

An Evolutionary History and Evolutionary Plausibility

Support from Experimental Psychological Tasks

Support from Psychometric Findings

Susceptibility to Encoding in a Symbol System

The criterion "Potential Isolation by Brain Damage" refers to the notion that distinct intelligences can be independently affected by brain damage. This means that a specific type of intelligence can be impaired or lost while others remain intact, indicating its unique neurological basis. For instance, a person might suffer damage to a part of the brain responsible for linguistic abilities, losing their capacity to use language, while their mathematical or musical abilities remain unaffected. This criterion supports Gardner's idea that multiple intelligences are separate from each other, each residing in different areas of the brain.

The criterion "Existence of Savants, Prodigies, and Other Exceptional Individuals" highlights the presence of individuals with extraordinary abilities in specific cognitive domains as evidence of distinct intelligences. Savants and prodigies often display remarkable skills in areas like music, mathematics, or art, despite potential deficits in other cognitive functions. This extraordinary proficiency in a particular area suggests that intelligences are modular and independent.

This criterion posits that each type of intelligence must have a core set of cognitive processes or operations. For example, linguistic intelligence involves operations like the ability to use language for expression and comprehension, while logical-mathematical intelligence includes the capacity for deductive reasoning and problem-solving with numbers. The distinct operations characterize each intelligence, making them identifiable and unique. This aspect is crucial as it provides a concrete basis for differentiating between the various intelligences, emphasizing that each is not just a skill but a distinct cognitive domain.

Each intelligence has its own unique developmental trajectory. This means that these intelligences emerge and develop at different stages and rates in an individual's life. For instance, linguistic intelligence develops rapidly in early childhood, while interpersonal intelligence might evolve more significantly during later childhood or adolescence. This criterion underscores the belief that intelligences are not static but evolve with age and experience. The distinct developmental paths of each intelligence imply that educational strategies should be tailored to the maturity level of each intelligence in an individual.

Criterion of evolutionary history and plausibility suggests that each intelligence has evolved to solve specific problems faced by our ancestors. For example, spatial intelligence helped in navigation and understanding the physical environment, while interpersonal intelligence was crucial for social communication and cooperation. This evolutionary perspective implies that these intelligences are rooted in human survival and adaptation needs. It gives the theory an evolutionary framework, suggesting that these intelligences are not arbitrary but have developed in response to real-world demands.

For an ability to be considered an intelligence in Theory of Multiple Intelligence framework, it must be supported by empirical research, particularly through experimental psychological tasks. These tasks should demonstrate the operations and capabilities of the intelligence in question. For instance, tests of musical intelligence might involve discerning pitch or rhythm, while spatial intelligence could be evaluated through tasks involving mental rotation or spatial judgment. The ability to measure and observe these intelligences in controlled experimental settings lends scientific credibility to the concept of multiple intelligences.

Gardner asserts that each intelligence should be measurable to some extent by psychometric tests. However, he also criticizes the overreliance on such tests in traditional intelligence testing. Psychometric support means that standardized tests should be able to reliably measure and differentiate between the various intelligences. This criterion is important for validating the theory within the scientific community and for practical applications, like educational assessments. It ensures that the concept of multiple intelligences is not just theoretical but has practical, measurable implications.

This criterion means that each intelligence can be articulated and communicated through some form of symbolic system. For example, linguistic intelligence is expressed through language, musical intelligence through musical notation, and logical-mathematical intelligence through mathematical symbols. The ability to encode these intelligences in symbolic forms allows for communication, teaching, and further development of these skills. It underscores the human capacity to abstractly represent and transmit complex cognitive abilities, making them accessible and teachable. This aspect is key to understanding how different intelligences are manifested and utilized in cultural and educational contexts.

The capacity to discern pitch, rhythm, timbre, and tone. This intelligence enables people to recognize, create, reproduce, and reflect on music.

Involves the capacity to analyze problems logically, carry out mathematical operations, and investigate issues scientifically. It's characterized by strong reasoning, recognizing patterns, and logically analyzing problems.

You are in possesion of a card set. On one side there is a shape, a circle or a triangle. On the other side there is a colour, blue or yellow. There is one rule: If there is a circle on one side of a card, then the other side is blue. You have four cards placed on a surface next to each other, one depicting a circle, one a triangle, one is blue and one is yellow.Which card or cards do you need to turn around in order to confirm the abovementioned rule?

What is logic and what is mathematics?

The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines logic as follows: a science that deals with the principles and criteria of inference and demonstration: the science of the formal principles of reasoning

mathematics is the science of abstract structures and patterns, constructed out of different statements, which need to be proven true

Agricultural Societies

Ancient Egypt

Mesopotamia/Babylon

Ancient China

Ancient India

bodily-kinesthetic:::linguistic:::visual-spatial:::personal intelligences:::musical

Vectorization, stochastic and noise

IQ test

Turing test

Q+ model?

Non-computational problems

Involves the potential to recognize and use patterns of wide space and more confined areas. It's often found in architects, artists, and navigators.

Entails using one's body effectively, such as dancers or surgeons. It involves a sense of timing, clear physical coordination, and using fine and gross motor skills.

Personal Intelligences

The ability to understand and interact effectively with others. It involves effective verbal and nonverbal communication, sensitivity to the moods and temperaments of others.

The capacity to understand oneself, to appreciate one's feelings, fears, and motivations. It involves having a deep understanding of the self; what one's strengths/weaknesses are, what makes one unique.