i=0;
		while (true) {
			i=i+1;
			print i;
		}
		

1. Lectio :: Mythology
   • Hephaistos
   • Pygmallion
   • Pythagoras
2. Disputatio :: Myths of a digital world
3. Exercitio :: A letter to Your digital self
4. Video :: The 2^nd rennaissance I.

• a male counterpart to Pallas Athena
• gives skill to artists
• god of blacksmiths, metalworking, carpenters, craftsmen, artisans, sculptors, metallurgy, fire, and volcanoes
• son of Zeus and Hera
• husband of Aphrodite
• often depcited as "lame and crippled"
• known as Vulkan among Romans

• Hermes' helmet and sandals, Achiless' armor, chariot of Helios
• chain-link net for Aphrodite & Ares
• Pandora's pithos (also known as "Pandora's box")
• first documented automata

• Wheel tripods to bring stuff to Olympos and back (Iliad, ca. 8th century B.C.)
• golden and silver dogs and lions which could bite invaders of the palace of Alkinoos (Odyssea, ca. 8th century B.C.)
• Talos, a giant made of bronze to protect Europa in Crete (Argonautica, 4th-3rd century B.C.)
• Aetos Kaukasios, a robotic eagle eating Prometheus' liver (Poeticon Astronomicon, 1st century B.C.)

• described in 10^th book of Ovid's metamorphoses, but potentially derived from older myth from island of Cyprus
• an archetypical story about a thing which becomes conscious thanks to a divine intervention
• Can You think of another stories or modern myths with similar plot ? (note them down, we'll speak about them in a minute!)

• a half-mythological, half-historic personage
• first man to call himself a philosopher ("lover of wisdom")
• important contributions to mathematics (e.g. Pythagorean theorem, Theory of Proportions etc.) and music (e.g. Pythagorean tuning, musica universalis etc.)

• triangle distributing numbers 1 to 10 in four rows
• many levels of symbolism (Unity / Power / Harmony / Kosmos; Fire / Air / Water / Earth; Point / Line / Triangle / Tetrahedron )

and then said creators: faciamus hominem ad imaginem et similitudinem nostram

and then said humans: faciamus machinam ad imaginem et similitudinem nostram

1. Repetitio :: Mythology
2. Questio :: What is a machine ?
3. Lectio :: Antiquity
   • Antikythera mechanism
   • Heron of Alexandria
   • other traditions
4. Exercitio :: Introduction to Abacus
5. Disputatio :: What is NOT a machine ?

• English word machine comes through Middle French from Latin machina, which in turn derives from the Greek (Doric μαχανά makhana, Ionic μηχανή mekhane "contrivance, device, engine", a derivation from μῆχος mekhos "means, expedient, remedy")
• Greek "mekhane" was potentially derived from Proto-Indo-European root *magh- meaning "to be able, have power." Linguists believe that English words like may, might, magi, magic, make or German words like machen, Macht etc. are derived from the PIE-root *magh.

• Any device that transmits a force or directs its application.
• An efficient and well-organized group of powerful people.
• A person who acts with the mechanical efficiency of a machine.

• an ancient Greek analogue computer used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses for calendar and astrological purposes decades in advance
• created sometimes around 2nd-1st century B.C., discovered in 1902
• complex clockwork of at least 30 bronze gears

• greatest experimenter of antiquity
• teacher at Musaeum
• author of works like Pneumatica, Automata, Mechanica, On the dioptra, Belopoeica, Catoptrica, Geodesia, Geoponica etc.
• father of cybernetics

• holy water dispenser
• windwheel organ
• Hero's engine (aeolipile)
• 10-minute long fully mechanical theater piece involving a first "programmable" robot

"When King Solomon stepped upon the throne, a mechanism was set in motion. As soon as he stepped upon the first step, the golden ox and the golden lion each stretched out one foot to support him and help him rise to the next step. On each side, the animals helped the King up until he was comfortably seated upon the throne. No sooner was he seated than a golden eagle brought the great crown and held it just above King Solomon's brow, so that it should not weigh heavily on his head."

We'll discuss the Persian & Arab traditions next week.

• less interested in "crude", hardware-oriented disciplines of robotics and mechanics (an exception: "The story of a mechanical girl")
• more interested in "subtle", software-oriented disciplines of mathematics and logics
  • Shulba Sutras :: texts concerning the Srauta ritual which describe the geometry related to fire-alter construction

• Watch some videos about addition, subtraction and multiplication on an Abacus (e.g. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jwabVzlobZI)
• You can validate the activity-credit for this course by:
  1. Teaching Your fellow students how to multiply 121 x 121 on an Abacus.
  2. Proposing the highest possible number which answers the question "How many distinct numbers can one unambiguously represent on an abacus with 10 marbles on 10 rows ?" and demonstrating why it is true.

1. Repetitio :: Antiquity
2. Narratio :: L'histoire de fille mecanique
3. Questio :: What is a digit ?
   
   
4. Lectio :: Dark ages
   • al-Khwarizmi
   • Fibonacci
   
   
5. Exercitio :: Abacus II.
6. Disputatio :: Your feedback

• digit (n.)
  in English since late 14c., "numeral below 10," from Latin digitus (french: "doigt") "finger or toe" (also with secondary meanings relating to counting and numerals), considered to be related to Proto-Indo-European root *deik- "to show"

1. • any of the Arabic numerals 1 to 9 and usually the symbol 0
   • one of the elements that combine to form numbers in a system other than the decimal system
   • digits , slang : the digits of a telephone number
2. any of the divisions in which the limbs of most vertebrates terminate, which are typically five in number but may be reduced (as in the horse), and which typically have a series of phalanges bearing a nail, claw, or hoof at the tip

• a symbol denoting/representing a natural number ("a numeral")
• we'll work with four systems of numerals
  1. roman: I, V, X, L, C, D, M
  2. decimal: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
  3. binary: 0, 1
  4. hexadecimal: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, a, b, c, d, e, f
• other systems of numerals are also possible (e.g. base64)

• persian scholar from golden-age of islamic science
• his name Latinized as "Algorithmi" (Port. "guarismo" and Spanish "algarismo" mean digit)
• since 820 A.D. the astronomer and head of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad
• contributions to Algebra, Arithmetic, Astronomy, Trigonometry, Geography

• 8th century - 12th century :: golden-age of islamic science
• integration of Persian and Arabic into one cultural realm
• translation of Greek and Roman works into arabic
• extension of antique knowledge, e.g. Brothers Musa
• more practical than Greek stuff

• book about solving quadratic equations
• principial mathematical text-book of European Universities until 16th century
• al-ğabr ("forcing", "restoring") operation :: moving a deficient quantity from one side of the equation to the other side
• al-Muqabala ("balancing" or "corresponding") operation :: subtraction of the same positive quantity from both sides
• presented in ordinary text
  Al-kitāb al-mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-ğabr wa’l-muqābala, The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing

• Kitāb al-Jam‘ wat-Tafrīq bi-Ḥisāb al-Hi("The Book of Addition and Subtraction According to the Hindu Calculation")
• Arabic original of the book has been lost
• 12th century translation by Adelard of Bath (starting with "so said alKhwarizmi") introduced Hindu numerals in the west
• Hindu numerals: position-based and including 0

• "the most talented Western mathematician of the Middle Ages"
• his book Liber Abaci (1202) popularized the Hindu-Arabic numeral systems in Europe
• travelled extensively around the Mediterranean coast, meeting with many merchants and learning about their systems of doing arithmetic
• first one to describe Fibonacci sequence

• What do I like about the course?
• What I do not like?
• What are my wishes?

1. Repetitio :: Between Antiquity and Rennaissance
2. Narratio :: Wheat and chessboard legend
3. Questio :: What is an algorithm ?
   
4. Lectio :: Between renaissance and Age of Reason
   • Descartes & Pascal
   • Leibniz
5. Exercitio :: Binary counting.
6. Presentatio :: BYOD or not BYOD in an elementary school ?

• algorithm (n.)
  ...

• a procedure for solving a mathematical problem in a finite number of steps that frequently involves repetition of an operation
• a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or accomplishing some end
Name some examples of an algorithm.

• polymath
• at 23-years of age, his dreams pose him in front of a question: Quod vitae sectabor iter?
• establishement of scientific method (based on "doubitatio")
• "Cogito ergo sum", mind-body dualism
• cartesian coordinate system, analytic geometry ...

• polymath
• in 19years of age started to build first mechanical calculators ("Pascalines")
• ground-breaking works in mathematics (Pascal's triangle), geometry (Pascal's theorem), physics (Pascal's law), theology (Pascal's wager)
• develops first public transport in the world
• dies young, last words: "Puisse Dieu ne jamais m'abandonner"

• one of the last big polymaths
• advanced disciplines of philosophy (monadology, theodicea, why is there something rather than nothing?), mathematics (probability theory, calculus), biology, medicine, geology, psychology, linguistics, computer science, philosophy, politics, law, ethics, theology, history, philology, library science

• presented to Royal Society on 1st February 1673
• could add, subtract, multiply and divide
• "the core component is a so-called "Leibniz wheel"

1. Repetitio :: Between Rennaissance and Age of Reason
2. Questio :: What is a "representation" ?
3. Exercitio I:: Binary counting.
4. Presentatio I :: Baroque calculating machines
5. Lectio :: The steampunk period
   • Jacquard Loom
   • Charles Babbage
   • Ada Lovelace
   • George Boole
6. Presentatio II :: Binary adder.

• represent (v.)
  late 14c., "to bring to mind by description," also "to symbolize, serve as a sign or symbol of; serve as the type or embodiment of;" from Latin repraesentare "make present, set in view, show, exhibit, display," from re-, intensive prefix , + praesentare "to present," literally "to place before," from praesens) "present, at hand, in sight; immediate; prompt, instant; contemporary," from present participle of præesse "be before (someone or something), be at hand," fro prae- "before" (see pre-) + esse "to be" (from PIE root *es- "to be").

• The description or portrayal of someone or something in a particular way.
  1. The depiction of someone or something in a work of art.
  2. A picture, model, or other depiction of someone or something.
  3. (in some theories of perception) a mental state or concept regarded as corresponding to a thing perceived.
  Name some examples of X being a representation of Y.

• polymath, KH FRS, Victorian gentleman etc.
• mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer
• "father of the computer"
• author of "difference engine" (could solve polynomial equations of 7th order)
• author of "analytical engine" (a generic programmable computer)

• daughter of Lord Byron
• mother promoted Ada's interest in mathematics and logics, student od Augustus de Morgan
• associate of Charles Babbage ("Enchantress of Numbers")
• author of the first computer program (algorithm for computation of Bernoulli numbers)
• died young of uterine cancer

Note A, p. 694 :: Again, it [the Analytical Engine] might act upon other things besides number, were objects found whose mutual fundamental relations could be expressed by those of the abstract science of operations, and which should be also susceptible of adaptations to the action of the operating notation and mechanism of the engine . . . Supposing, for instance, that the fundamental relations of pitched sounds in the science of harmony and of musical composition were susceptible of such expression and adaptations, the engine might compose elaborate and scientific pieces of music of any degree of complexity or extent.

The distinctive characteristic of the Analytical Engine, and that which has rendered it possible to endow mechanism with such extensive faculties as bid fair to make this engine the executive right-hand of abstract algebra, is the introduction into it of the principle which Jacquard devised for regulating, by means of punched cards, the most complicated patterns in the fabrication of brocaded stuffs...We may say most aptly that the Analytical Engine weaves algebraical patterns just as the Jacquard-loom weaves flowers and leaves.

• another Victorian gentleman
• at 17 years of age "a thought struck him suddenly, which became the foundation of all his future discoveries"
• author of "Laws of Thought or An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities" (1854)
• Boolean algebra
• being a professional prof cost him his Life

• united algebra and logic
• replaced propositional form of Aristotle's logic to equation-like formulae and introduced "laws" which can solve them
• logical formulae could contain more than two subject-predicate propositions (i.e. no A that is B is C that is D)
• introduced logic functions and truth tables

1. Repetitio I:: Zuse computers
2. Exercitio I:: Binary counting
3. Presentatio I :: Notes of Augusta Ada Byron King
4. Questiae
5. Presentatio II :: Binary adder
6. Exercitio II :: Binary adder on Your hands
7. Presentatio III: Digitale Klang in Alltag

• What is a representation ?
• What is an algorithm ?
• What is a digit ?
• What is a machine ?

1. Init: Set up Your inputs. Carry is zero.
2. Start from the rightmost position (represented by thumb).
3. Apply the transition rule (if necessary, flip the carry to an opposite state).
4. Set the output bit of the current position.
5. Proceed to higher position (following finger).
6. HALT if carry and all inputs are zero, otherwise repeat steps 2-6

The Futurological Congress AE1000000

early 14c., "to train or instruct in some specific subject," from Old French informer, enformer "instruct, teach" (13c.) and directly from Latin informare "to shape, give form to, delineate," figuratively "train, instruct, educate," from in- "into" (from PIE root *en "in") + formare "to form, shape," from forma "form". Sense of "communicate facts or news" first recorded late 14c.

Source: https://www.etymonline.com/word/inform

• mathematician, electrical engineer, cryptographer, juggler & unicycler
• "father of information theory"
  
  
• (1937) A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits
• (1948) A Mathematical Theory of Communication
• inventor of the "Ultimate Machine"

1. Narratio :: The imitation game
2. Repetitio :: Introduction to information theory
3. Questio :: Can machines think ?
   
4. Lectio ::
   • Turing machine
   • Turing test
5. Exercitio :: Turing test.

• a 2014 movie adaptation of the book Alan Turing: The Enigma (1983)
• 8 Oscar nominations, one Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay
• story about life, work and death of Alan Matthison Turing (A.M.T.)

• your definitions
• dictionary definition
• philosopher's definition

What do You think?

• an English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher and theoretical biologist
• father of theoretical computer science (1936) and artificial intelligence (1948-1950)
• pivotal role in the project Ultra
• convicted for "gross indecency" in 1952, put on hormonal treatment, develops gynaecomastia
• death by cyanide; half-bitten apple by the bedside
• Queen's "pardon" on 24.12.2013

• halting problem is the problem of determining, from a description of an arbitrary computer program and an input, whether the program will finish running (i.e., halt) or continue to run forever
• Turing proved that a general algorithm to solve the halting problem for all possible program-input pairs cannot exist
• to prove this, he described a paradox involving a concept now known as "Turing machine"

• tape with discrete symbols
• reading/writing header
• table of rules
• tape-moving mechanism

"A TT is a way how to address the question "Can machines think?" in a scientifically plausible ye deeply empathic way. More concretely, Turing (1950) proposes that the performance of an AA under question shall be evaluated by a human judge J whose objective is to determine which among two entities - with whom J is in real-time interaction - is of human and which is of artificial nature." (Hromada, 2012)

You are going to hear two pieces of music. One is composed and performed by humans, another is composed and generated by an artificial system. You are going to hear both pieces twice. Subsequently, You are going to write down which piece (first or second) was composed and performed by human beings.

1. Exemplificatio :: Speech recognition
2. Repetitio :: Hommage to A.M.T.
3. Questio :: Can machines understand ?
   
4. Lectio ::
   • von Neumann architecture
   • transistors and languages
   • Unix Epoch
   • Gates, Tanenbaum, Torvalds
5. Disputatio :: Can machines understand ?

• speech-to-text technologies start to get ubiquitious (Siri, Watson, Alexa, Cortana, Assistant etc.)
• embedded & offline speech-to-text systems also exist (Sphink, Kaldi)

https://www.eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/students/wiki/projects/images/9/95/Basic_Schematic.png

• conditions of understanding
• examples of understanding
• examples of non-understanding

• "the last representative of the great mathematicians"
• statistics, stochastic computing, quantum mechanics, game theory, computing (merge sort algorithm, von Neumann architecture), self-replicating machines (von Neumann probes) etc.
• Manhattan project, Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC)

• a detailed design of a "very high speed automatic digital computing system"
• contains the first published description of the logical design of a computer using the stored-program concept

• a transistor is a semiconductor device with at least three terminals
• Shockley, Bardain at Brattain presented a functional concept on 23th December 1947 to some Bell Labs colleagues and managers
• "2,913,276,327,576,980,000,000 transistors shipped since the moment of invention" (forbes.com, 2014)

1. Introductio :: 3 spheres
2. Repetitio :: Epoch
3. Questio :: Is machine evolving ?
   
4. Lectio ::
   • from ARPAnet to Internet
   • TCP/IP and the OSI model
   • Web
   • milestones
5. Disputatio :: Is machine evolving ?

• Noosphere (Teilhard deChardin)
• Infosphere (Luciano Floridi)
• Datasphere (Dan Simmons)

1. "Machine evolves by means of humans."
2. "Machine need humans to evolve."
3. "Machine cannot evolve without humans."

• 1st core: ARPANet (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) funded by US Department of Defense
• 1st network to implement the protocol suite TCP/IP
• 1st communication took place on 29th October 1969 between University of California in LA and Standford Research Insitute::
  
  "We set up a telephone connection between us and the guys at SRI ... We typed the L and we asked on the phone, "Do you see the L?" "Yes, we see the L," came the response. We typed the O, and we asked, "Do you see the O." "Yes, we see the O." Then we typed the G, and the system crashed ..."

• http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html
• sir Timothy Berners-Lee proposed in 1989 "a large hypertext database with typed links"
• realized in 1990-1991 at CERN (Switzerland)
• written in HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
• communication between the client ("browser") and server according to Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

1994: Yahoo, Amazon founded; the first banner ad; first e-commerce transaction

1997: google.stanford.edu — the research project that would become Google

1999: cyberspace.cz

2001: Wikipedia launches; kyberia.sk

2003: Total Information Awareness program revealed

2004: Facebook founded

2006: "just setting up my twttr"; Google acquires YouTube; WikiLeaks founded

2009: the first Bitcoin block is mined

2010: Stuxnet discovered

2013: Edward Snowden reveals PRISM

2018: Cambridge Analytica data scandal; GDPR enters into force

1. Introductio :: Ghost in the shell
2. Repetitio :: Datasphere
3. Questio :: Can machines live ?
   
4. Lectio ::
   • embedded systems
   • Limor Fried
   • robots, androids & co.
5. Disputatio :: Can machines live ?

1. What entities do we normally label as "living" ?
2. What features a "living" entity must have ?
3. What entities do we normally label as "NOT living" ?
4. Are there features which a "living entity" MUST NOT have ?

• "(All) life-forms tend to preserve their existence."
• "(All) life-forms interact with their environment."
• "(All) life-forms have a material body."

• Merriam-Webster definition of embedded: "enclosed closely in or as if in a matrix : set firmly into a mass or material"
• majority of embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose computer for multiple tasks
• Can You give me examples of some embedded systems which are
  • present in this room ?
  • You use in Your every-day life?
  • dominate the planet Earth ?
• new industrial revolution: Raspberry Pi, Internet-of-Things (IoT) etc.

Adapted poster Design by Martin Rieser; source: http://reframe.sussex.ac.uk/rur/synopsis-2/

• not only embedded but also embodied
• word "robot" comes from Slovak/Czech "robota" meaning "labor, hard work"
• used by Karel Capek in his theatre piece Rossum's Universal Robots (R.U.R, 1920) to denote man-made man-like servants
• contrary to tokharian "Story of the mechanical girl" or E.T.A. Hoffman's Sandmann where man-like machines are just dumb puppets, Capeks "robots" attain a sort of awareness and rebel against their masters (e.g. similiar motive as in Golem or Frankenstein stories)
• Question: did we mention a story where a man-made entity attains awareness but DOES NOT rebel against its creator ?

Repliee Q2 gynoid; source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Repliee_Q2.jpg

• "Das Unheimliche" von Siegmund Freud (1919) and E.T.A. Hoffmann's "Sandmann" (1816)
• WIKI :: The concept of the uncanny valley suggests humanoid objects which appear almost, but not exactly, like real human beings elicit uncanny, or strangely familiar, feelings of eeriness and revulsion in observers.