👂 🎴 🕸️
One
of
the
most
fundamental
dichotomy
in
linguistics
is
the
phone
/
phoneme
dichotomy
:
<
br
/><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
>
a
phone
is
any
distinct
speech
sound
regardless
of
whether
the
exact
sound
is
critical
to
the
meanings
of
words
p
><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
>
a
phoneme
is
a
speech
sound
in
a
given
language
that
''
if
swapped
with
another
phoneme
''
could
change
one
word
to
another
p
>
Phones
are
absolute
and
are
not
specific
to
any
language
''
but
phonemes
can
be
discussed
only
in
reference
to
specific
languages
.
Minimal
pairs
are
pairs
of
words
or
phrases
in
a
particular
language
''
spoken
or
signed
''
that
differ
in
only
one
phonological
element
.<
br
><
br
><
table
class
=
„
wikitable
“
><
tbody
><
tr
><
th
>
word
1
th
><
th
>
word
2
th
><
th
>
IPA
1
th
><
th
>
IPA
2
th
><
th
>
note
th
>
tr
><
tr
><
td
>
pin
td
><
td
>
bin
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
„
IPA
“
title
=
„
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
“
lang
=
„
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
“
>/
pɪn
/
span
>
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
„
IPA
“
title
=
„
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
“
lang
=
„
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
“
>/
bɪn
/
span
>
td
><
td
rowspan
=
„
4
“
>
initial
consonant
td
>
tr
><
tr
><
td
>
rot
td
><
td
>
lot
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
„
IPA
“
title
=
„
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
“
lang
=
„
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
“
>/
rɒt
/
span
>
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
„
IPA
“
title
=
„
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
“
lang
=
„
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
“
>/
lɒt
/
span
>
td
>
tr
><
tr
><
td
>
thigh
td
><
td
>
thy
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
„
IPA
“
title
=
„
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
“
lang
=
„
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
“
>/
θaɪ
/
span
>
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
„
IPA
“
title
=
„
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
“
lang
=
„
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
“
>/
ðaɪ
/
span
>
td
>
tr
><
tr
><
td
>
seal
td
><
td
>
zeal
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
„
IPA
“
title
=
„
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
“
lang
=
„
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
“
>/
siːl
/
span
>
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
„
IPA
“
title
=
„
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
“
lang
=
„
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
“
>/
ziːl
/
span
>
td
>
tr
><
tr
><
td
>
bin
td
><
td
>
bean
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
„
IPA
“
title
=
„
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
“
lang
=
„
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
“
>/
bɪn
/
span
>
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
„
IPA
“
title
=
„
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
“
lang
=
„
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
“
>/
biːn
/
span
>
td
><
td
rowspan
=
„
3
“
>
vowel
td
>
tr
><
tr
><
td
>
pen
td
><
td
>
pan
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
„
IPA
“
title
=
„
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
“
lang
=
„
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
“
>/
pɛn
/
span
>
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
„
IPA
“
title
=
„
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
“
lang
=
„
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
“
>/
pæn
/
span
>
td
>
tr
><
tr
><
td
>
cook
td
><
td
>
kook
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
„
IPA
“
title
=
„
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
“
lang
=
„
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
“
>/
kʊk
/
span
>
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
„
IPA
“
title
=
„
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
“
lang
=
„
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
“
>/
kuːk
/
span
>
td
>
tr
><
tr
><
td
>
hat
td
><
td
>
had
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
„
IPA
“
title
=
„
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
“
lang
=
„
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
“
>/
hæt
/
span
>
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
„
IPA
“
title
=
„
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
“
lang
=
„
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
“
>/
hæd
/
span
>
td
><
td
rowspan
=
„
2
“
>
final
consonant
td
>
tr
><
tr
><
td
>
mean
td
><
td
>
meme
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
„
IPA
“
title
=
„
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
“
lang
=
„
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
“
>/
miːn
/
span
>
td
><
td
><
span
class
=
„
IPA
“
title
=
„
Representation
in
the
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
(
IPA
)
“
lang
=
„
und
-
Latn
-
fonipa
“
>/
miːm
/
span
>
td
>
tr
>
tbody
>
table
>
Look
into
mirror
(
or
use
https
://
udk
.
ai
/
facemesh
/
)
and
...
<
br
/><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
>
pronounce
continuous
AAAA
''
EEEE
''
IIII
and
OOOO
waves
p
><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
>
put
a
finger
in
front
of
Your
lips
;
start
voicng
a
vowel
sound
;
while
doing
so
''
make
Your
lips
touch
Your
finger
;
what
do
You
notice
p
><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
>
pronounce
PA
PA
PA
and
BA
BA
BA
p
><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
>
pronounce
MA
MA
MA
p
><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
>
pronounce
TA
TA
TA
and
DA
DA
DA
p
><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
>
pronounce
NA
NA
NA
p
><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
>
pronounce
FA
FA
FA
and
VA
VA
VA
p
>...
in
all
cases
''
try
to
answer
questions
:
what
is
similar
?
what
is
different
?
<
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
> 
p
><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
> 
p
><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
> 
p
><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
> 
p
><
p
class
=
„
fragment
“
>
Speech
is
intention
-
encoding
sound
produced
by
human
vocal
tract
or
its
artificial
Ersatz
.
p
>
The
<
em
>
Sanscrit
em
>
language
''
whatever
be
its
antiquity
''
is
of
a
wonderful
structure
;
more
perfect
than
the
<
em
>
Greek
em
>''
more
copious
than
the
<
em
>
Latin
em
>''
and
more
exquisitely
refined
than
either
''
yet
bearing
to
both
of
them
a
stronger
affinity
''
both
in
the
roots
of
verbs
and
the
forms
of
grammar
''
than
could
possibly
have
been
produced
by
accident
;
so
strong
indeed
''
that
no
philologer
could
examine
them
all
three
''
without
believing
them
to
have
sprung
from
some
common
source
''
which
''
perhaps
''
no
longer
exists
;
there
is
a
similar
reason
''
though
not
quite
so
forcible
''
for
supposing
that
both
the
<
em
>
Gothic
em
>
and
the
<
em
>
Celtic
em
>''
though
blended
with
a
very
different
idiom
''
had
the
same
origin
with
the
<
em
>
Sanscrit
em
>;
and
the
old
<
em
>
Persian
em
>
might
be
added
to
the
same
family
.<
br
><
br
>(
Third
discourse
of
Wiliam
Jones
before
the
Asiatic
Society
''
1786
)
<
div
>
Pāṇini
(
Devanagari
:
पाणिनि
''
pronounced
[
paːɳɪnɪ
])
was
a
Sanskrit
philologist
''
grammarian
''
and
revered
scholar
in
ancient
India
variously
dated
between
the
6th
and
4th
century
BCE
.
Since
the
discovery
and
publication
of
his
work
Aṣṭādhyāyī
by
European
scholars
in
the
nineteenth
century
''
Pāṇini
has
been
considered
the
„
first
descriptive
linguist
“
''
and
even
labelled
as
“
the
father
of
linguistics
”.
<
br
>
div
><
div
><
br
>
div
><
div
>
Eat
this
:
पाणिनि
'
s
brain
encoded
Mind
whose
grammar
-
induction
faculties
preceded
faculties
of
all
other
minds
which
followed
in
upcoming
2500
years
.<
br
>
div
>
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