
Renewed interest in Platonism and Hermetic soul cosmologies.
Descartes: radical dualism—soul (res cogitans) and body (res extensa).
Human soul seen as seat of reason, will, and self-consciousness.
Debates emerge over animal souls and mechanistic bodies.
Mystical and esoteric views on soul persisted alongside rationalism.
Soul increasingly tied to the concept of personhood.
Renaissance & Early Modern
Cogito ergo sum
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