Embracing Freud’s emphasis on the unconscious Carl Gustav Jung (CGJ) was initially a close collaborator and admirer of Freud.

Jung proposed a broader concept: the **collective unconscious**, shared by all humans and soon started challenging Freud’s sexual theory.

Emphasizing spirituality, mythology, and the process of self-realization (#INDIVIDUATION#), CGJ introduced archetypes—universal symbolic images and motifs that shape human experience. He .

Jung's break with Freud marked the birth of **analytical psychology**, a distinct school.

Alfred Adler was an early member of Freud’s psychoanalytic circle in Vienna. He initially supported Freud’s ideas but disagreed on the centrality of sexual drives.

Adler emphasized social interest, community feeling, and the drive for superiority. Focus shifted to conscious goals, lifestyle, and purposeful behavior.

His break with Freud led to the founding of **individual psychology**, a rival school.

Born in 1856 in Příbor, Moravia (then part of the Austrian Empire), into a Jewish family.

Moved to Vienna at age four, where he lived most of his life.

Studied medicine at the University of Vienna, eel-cutting internship at Trieste (Italy).

Worked with Ernst Brücke and later studied hysteria under Jean-Martin Charcot in Paris.

Developed the method of free association and the concept of the unconscious.

Published *The Interpretation of Dreams* in 1900, initially ignored, later celebrated.

Gradually became a central figure in Viennese intellectual life and founder of psychoanalysis.

Freud’s *The Interpretation of Dreams* (DIE TRAUMDEUTUNG, 1899) revolutionized dream theory.

He proposed that dreams are wish-fulfillments rooted in unconscious desires.

the famous narrative of "Irma's Injection"

Freud introduced concepts like manifest vs. latent content, dream-work, and symbolism.

Transition from mystical to psychoanalytic approaches to dreams (REALLY ?)

Fehlleistungen, or parapraxes, refer to slips of the tongue, memory lapses, or unintended actions.

Freud argued these “slips” reveal unconscious thoughts or desires breaking through repression.

They are not random mistakes but meaningful clues to hidden conflicts.

in German language, such Fehlleistung are often described by verbs with prefix VER- (e.g. "versprechen", "verlesen", "vergessen", "verlieren", "verschreiben" etc.)

Common examples include saying one thing but meaning another (Freudian slip).

Fehlleistungen also include forgetting names, misplacing objects, or bungled actions.

These acts expose the tension between conscious intention and unconscious impulses.

Studying Fehlleistungen helps psychoanalysts understand repressed material in the psyche.

In the early 1900s, Freud began hosting weekly discussions at his home — the "Wednesday Psychological Society." (evolved into the core of the **Vienna Psychoanalytic Society** in 1908)

First invitees: Alfred Adler, Max Kahane und Rudolf Reitler

discussing weird theories, listening to stories about dreams...

**Lou Andreas-Salomé** joined later, bridging literary and psychological realms; she brought philosophical depth and was close to Freud, Nietzsche, and Rilke.

Freud envisioned psychoanalysis as a scientific method for probing the unconscious — but tensions soon emerged.

Later, **Alfred Adler** and swiss crown-prince of psychoanalysis, **Carl Gustav Jung** began questioning Freud's sexual theory and his claim to interpretive authority.

Freud redefined *libido* as a psychic energy derived from instinctual drives — primarily sexual but also life-affirming (Eros).

This energy powers the psyche and can be actualized, redirected, repressed, or sublimated.

The *Id* is the primal, unconscious source of drives — impulsive, irrational, and governed by the pleasure principle.

The *Ego* mediates between the Id and reality — rational, aware, and ruled by the reality principle.

The *Superego* represents internalized norms and morals — the voice of conscience and societal expectations.

Mental conflict arises (Libido can become "stuck") from clashes among these three systems, often leading to anxiety, defense mechanisms, or neurosis.

Divides mental life into three domains: the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious.

• The conscious contains immediate thoughts and perceptions — what we are aware of.
• The preconscious holds memories and knowledge that can become conscious with effort.
• The unconscious houses desires, drives, and memories repressed from awareness.

Most mental activity, Freud argued, occurs outside of conscious awareness. Metaphorically represented as an iceberg: the CONSCIOUS MIND IS JUST A TIP ABOVE THE WATER.

Take home lesson: We already had a sort of ""MODEL" for the study of the soul but Freud went one step further: he introduced the notion of "MODULARITY" and did so on multiple levels of abstraction (structural, functional, etc.)