Romantic thinkers revived interest in dreams as gateways to the soul and creativity.

The boundary between pseudoscience and emerging science of psychology remained blurred.

Born in 1856 in Příbor, Moravia (then part of the Austrian Empire), into a Jewish family.

Moved to Vienna at age four, where he lived most of his life.

Studied medicine at the University of Vienna, eel-cutting internship at Trieste (Italy).

Worked with Ernst Brücke and later studied hysteria under Jean-Martin Charcot in Paris.

Developed the method of free association and the concept of the unconscious.

Published *The Interpretation of Dreams* in 1900, initially ignored, later celebrated.

Gradually became a central figure in Viennese intellectual life and founder of psychoanalysis.

Fehlleistungen, or parapraxes, refer to slips of the tongue, memory lapses, or unintended actions.

Freud argued these “slips” reveal unconscious thoughts or desires breaking through repression.

They are not random mistakes but meaningful clues to hidden conflicts.

in German language, such Fehlleistung are often described by verbs with prefix VER- (e.g. "versprechen", "verlesen", "vergessen", "verlieren", "verschreiben" etc.)

Common examples include saying one thing but meaning another (Freudian slip).

Fehlleistungen also include forgetting names, misplacing objects, or bungled actions.

These acts expose the tension between conscious intention and unconscious impulses.

Studying Fehlleistungen helps psychoanalysts understand repressed material in the psyche.

Discussion : Did recently any interesting "Fehlleistung" happened to You or anyone in Your surroundings ?

Homework : If You encounter any Fehlleistung, note it down and inform us about it next week.

Freud’s *The Interpretation of Dreams* (DIE TRAUMDEUTUNG, 1899) revolutionized dream theory.

He proposed that dreams are wish-fulfillments rooted in unconscious desires.

the famous narrative of "Irma's Injection"

Freud introduced concepts like manifest vs. latent content, dream-work, and symbolism.

Transition from mystical to psychoanalytic approaches to dreams (REALLY ?)

In the early 1900s, Freud began hosting weekly discussions at his home — the "Wednesday Psychological Society." (evolved into the core of the **Vienna Psychoanalytic Society** in 1908)

First invitees: Alfred Adler, Max Kahane und Rudolf Reitler

discussing weird theories, listening to stories about dreams...

**Lou Andreas-Salomé** joined later, bridging literary and psychological realms; she brought philosophical depth and was close to Freud, Nietzsche, and Rilke.

Freud envisioned psychoanalysis as a scientific method for probing the unconscious — but tensions soon emerged.

Later, **Alfred Adler** and swiss crown-prince of psychoanalysis, **Carl Gustav Jung** began questioning Freud's sexual theory and his claim to interpretive authority.

Freud redefined *libido* as a psychic energy derived from instinctual drives — primarily sexual but also life-affirming (Eros).

This energy powers the psyche and can be actualized, redirected, repressed, or sublimated.

The *Id* is the primal, unconscious source of drives — impulsive, irrational, and governed by the pleasure principle.

The *Ego* mediates between the Id and reality — rational, aware, and ruled by the reality principle.

The *Superego* represents internalized norms and morals — the voice of conscience and societal expectations.

Mental conflict arises (Libido can become "stuck") from clashes among these three systems, often leading to anxiety, defense mechanisms, or neurosis.

Divides mental life into three domains: the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious.

• The conscious contains immediate thoughts and perceptions — what we are aware of.
• The preconscious holds memories and knowledge that can become conscious with effort.
• The unconscious houses desires, drives, and memories repressed from awareness.

Most mental activity, Freud argued, occurs outside of conscious awareness. Metaphorically represented as an iceberg: the CONSCIOUS MIND IS JUST A TIP ABOVE THE WATER.

Take home lesson: We already had a sort of ""MODEL" for the study of the soul but Freud went one step further: he introduced the notion of "MODULARITY" and did so on multiple levels of abstraction (structural, functional, etc.)

Alfred Adler was an early member of Freud’s psychoanalytic circle in Vienna. He initially supported Freud’s ideas but disagreed on the centrality of sexual drives.

Adler emphasized social interest, community feeling, and the drive for superiority. Focus shifted to conscious goals, lifestyle, and purposeful behavior.

His break with Freud led to the founding of **individual psychology**, a rival school.

Embracing Freud’s emphasis on the unconscious Carl Gustav Jung (CGJ) was initially a close collaborator and admirer of Freud.

Jung proposed a broader concept: the **collective unconscious**, shared by all humans and soon started challenging Freud’s sexual theory.

Emphasizing spirituality, mythology, and the process of self-realization (#INDIVIDUATION#), CGJ introduced archetypes—universal symbolic images and motifs that shape human experience. He .

Jung's break with Freud marked the birth of **analytical psychology**, a distinct school.

Analytical Psychology is Carl Jung’s system for understanding the human psyche through symbols and deep unconscious processes.

It distinguishes between the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious, the latter being shared across humanity.

Core concepts include Individuation, Projection, archetypes (Shadow, Anima/Animus, the Self), Psychological types (introvert/extrovert) and functions (sensation, intuition, thinking, feeling) and Synchronicity.

Analytical Psychology values dream interpretation, active imagination, and symbolic amplification as tools for self-realization.

Projection is the unconscious transfer of one's inner content onto others or the outer world.

It externalizes traits, desires, fears, or conflicts the ego cannot accept.

Common targets include partners, politicians, enemies, spiritual figures, and social groups.

Projection shapes relationships, perceptions, and emotional reactions without conscious awareness.

Withdrawing projections is key to individuation—becoming more whole and self-aware.

“Everything that is unconscious in ourselves we discover in our neighbor.” — C.G. Jung

Transference is the unconscious redirection of feelings from early relationships onto a present figure.

In therapy, it often surfaces as intense emotions projected onto the analyst.

Jung saw transference not only as distortion, but as meaningful symbolic expression.

It may involve archetypes like the Parent, Anima/Animus, or the Self.

Exploring transference helps reveal unconscious complexes and relational patterns.

Handled consciously, it becomes a vehicle for transformation and individuation.

Active imagination is a conscious method of engaging with the unconscious.

It begins with a dream image, fantasy, or emotion and unfolds through inner dialogue or creative expression.

The ego participates without controlling—allowing unconscious figures to speak for themselves.

This process can take the form of writing, drawing, movement, or visualization.

It deepens self-knowledge and integrates Shadow, Anima/Animus, or Self aspects.

Jung called it a “confrontation with the unconscious” and practiced it extensively in his Red Book.

Now starts a brief experiment in active imagination — not to ‘invent’ something, but to let an inner image speak. Don’t force it. We’re not interpreting, just meeting the unconscious with curiosity.. Sit comfortably and close Your eyes (or soften Your gaze)....

Now take your sketchbook, journal, or tablet — and respond from the image, not about it. You can sketch what appeared, write a phrase it spoke, draw the emotion, or, abstract form or color...

The Shadow is the unconscious part of the personality rejected by the ego.

It contains traits we consider undesirable—aggression, envy, weakness—but also creativity and vitality.

The Shadow is not inherently evil; it becomes dangerous when ignored or projected onto others.

Meeting the Shadow evokes resistance, but it is the first step toward real self-knowledge.

Shadow figures appear in dreams, myths, and relationships—often as enemies or rivals.

Integration of the Shadow is a key stage in the process of individuation.

The inner voice saying “I’m a fraud” masks unconscious fear of owning one’s power.

The ego clings to a self-image of inadequacy, while projecting competence onto others.

Impostor syndrome often reflects a disowned positive Shadow—unacknowledged strengths and capabilities.

Feelings of unworthiness signal a split between the ego and the fuller Self.

Recognizing impostor feelings as projections allows for reintegration of inner authority.

Individuation requires reclaiming not only the dark Shadow, but also our light and potential.

Traumatic bonding occurs when intense fear and dependence fuse with emotional attachment.

“In some cases, the victim may unconsciously internalize or merge with the abuser’s Shadow, leading to dissociation, guilt, or distorted loyalty.

The ego identifies with the abuser’s power, disowning its own instincts for anger, survival, or autonomy.

This creates a psychological complex that traps the person in cycles of guilt, loyalty, and fear.

Traumatic bonds often form around archetypes of the Punishing Father or the Devouring Mother.

Healing requires confronting the projected Shadow, re-owning one’s strength, and breaking the illusion of dependence.

The Trickster embodies the unconscious psyche in its raw, instinctual, and amoral form.

In Native American mythologies, the classical Trickster figure —chaotic, clever, and contradictory - is the Coyote.

He breaks rules, lies, mocks the gods, and often causes trouble—even when trying to help. He reveals what culture hides—our shadow, our hunger, our foolishness, our creativity...

Though destructive, he is also a culture-bringer, shaping the world through mistake and improvisation.

In Jungian terms, the Trickster is an archetype of transformation—a prefiguration of the Self in primitive form.

how do these archetypes express themselves in myth / book / movie / artpiece of Your choice ?

is/are these archetypes somehow relevant to image encountered during the active imagination exercise ?