Philosophy

Descendants (at least 19 branches originate here)

• Philosophy 🔊

  Main riddle of this course: Do(es) meaning(s) of the word "soul" evolve in time, or not ?

  • is_parent Soul as immortal charioteer

    "Of the nature of the soul, though her true form be ever a theme of large and more than mortal discourse, let me speak briefly, and in a figure. And let the fig

    • is_parent Soul as mover of the body 🔒 ·

      "... I will endeavour to explain to you in what way the mortal differs from the immortal creature. The soul in her totality has the care of inanimate being eve
  • is_parent Aristotle :: Soul as form

    Aristotle’s theory of soul is grounded in hylomorphism, the idea that all living beings are composites of matter (hyle) and form (morphe). The body is the matt

    • is_parent Hierarchical model of the soul 🔒 ·

      Nutritive Soul (Vegetative Soul):: Found in plants :: Nutrition / Growth / Reproduction :: most basic type of soul Found in animals. :: Includes all the capabil
  • is_parent Neoplatonism ·

    Neoplatonism is a philosophical school of late antiquity (3rd - 6th century AD). Neoplatonists position the soul in the middle of a strict metaphysical hierarc
  • is_parent Christian Theology ·

    Soul is created by God and infused at conception. Augustine: soul seeks rest in God; image of God within the soul. Soul is immortal, destined for salvation or d
  • is_parent Islamic Philosophy ·

    Soul (نَفْس, *nafs*) is a spiritual, immaterial substance. Influenced by Aristotle, Neoplatonism, and Qur’anic revelation. Avicenna: soul is simple, incor
  • is_parent Scholasticism ·

    Thomas Aquinas: soul is the form of the body (via Aristotle). Soul has vegetative, sensitive, and rational powers. Immortality of the rational soul is demonstra
  • is_parent Renaissance & Early Modern

    Renewed interest in Platonism and Hermetic soul cosmologies. Descartes: radical dualism—soul (res cogitans) and body (res extensa). Human soul seen as sea

    • is_parent Cogito ergo sum 🔒 ·

      "Accordingly, seeing that our senses sometimes deceive us, I was willing to suppose that there existed nothing really such as they presented to us; And because
  • is_parent Empiricism and Materialism

    Soul increasingly reduced to observable mental or bodily processes. Locke: denies innate ideas—soul as tabula rasa, a passive receiver. Start of the NATURE / N

    • is_parent Associationism 🔒 ·

      Soul or mind functions through the association of ideas. David Hartley: vibrations in nerves correspond to mental associations. Mind explained through natural l
    • is_parent L'homme machine 🔒 ·

      The human body is a machine which winds its own springs. It is the living image of perpetual movement. Without food, the soul pines away, goes mad, an
  • is_parent German Idealism & Romanticism ·

    Soul is active, not passive—central to constructing experience. Kant: we can never know "soul" as a thing-in-itself. Fichte: ego (Ich) posits itself—soul as dy
  • is_parent Panpsychism ·

    All matter possesses some form of experience or consciousness. William James: stream of consciousness is continuous, plural, and lived. Rejects both materialism
  • is_parent Care for the soul ·

    Socrates says: ΤΟ ΕΠΙΜΕΛΕΙΣΘΑΙ ΕΑΥΤΟΥ ΕΣΤΙΝ ΕΠΙΜΕΛΕΙΣΘΑΙ ΤΗΣ ΨΥΧΗΣ / To care for oneself is to care for the soul.ΟΥ ΤΑ ΧΡΗΜΑΤΑ ΥΜΑΣ ΠΟΙΕΙΝ ΑΛΛΑ ΤΗΝ ΨΥΧΗΝ ΩΣ ΑΡ
  • is_parent pre-socratic ·

    Soul (ψυχή) often equated with life-force or breath. "all things are full of gods" Aristotle, De Anima 411a7, quoting Thales Heraclitus: the sou
  • is_parent Hellenistic ·

    Epicureans: soul is material, composed of fine atoms.No afterlife: soul dissolves at death—no reason to fear it.Stoics: soul is PNEUMA, a fiery breath pervadin