Philosophy

Soul (ψυχή) often equated with life-force or breath. "all things are full of gods" Aristotle, De Anima 411a7, quoting Thales Heraclitus: the soul has a deep, u...

Socrates says: ΤΟ ΕΠΙΜΕΛΕΙΣΘΑΙ ΕΑΥΤΟΥ ΕΣΤΙΝ ΕΠΙΜΕΛΕΙΣΘΑΙ ΤΗΣ ΨΥΧΗΣ / To care for oneself is to care for the soul.ΟΥ ΤΑ ΧΡΗΜΑΤΑ ΥΜΑΣ ΠΟΙΕΙΝ ΑΛΛΑ ΤΗΝ ΨΥΧΗΝ ΩΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΗΝ ΕΙ...

"Of the nature of the soul, though her true form be ever a theme of large and more than mortal discourse, let me speak briefly, and in a figure. And let the figure be composite&...

Aristotle’s theory of soul is grounded in hylomorphism, the idea that all living beings are composites of matter (hyle) and form (morphe). The body is the matter, th...

Epicureans: soul is material, composed of fine atoms.No afterlife: soul dissolves at death—no reason to fear it.Stoics: soul is PNEUMA, a fiery breath pervading the bo...

Neoplatonism is a philosophical school of late antiquity (3rd - 6th century AD). Neoplatonists position the soul in the middle of a strict metaphysical hierarchy: Soul...

Soul (نَفْس, *nafs*) is a spiritual, immaterial substance. Influenced by Aristotle, Neoplatonism, and Qur’anic revelation. Avicenna: soul is simple, incorporeal, and ind...

Soul is created by God and infused at conception. Augustine: soul seeks rest in God; image of God within the soul. Soul is immortal, destined for salvation or damnation. Soul...

Thomas Aquinas: soul is the form of the body (via Aristotle). Soul has vegetative, sensitive, and rational powers. Immortality of the rational soul is demonstrable by reason. ...

Renewed interest in Platonism and Hermetic soul cosmologies. Descartes: radical dualism—soul (res cogitans) and body (res extensa). Human soul seen as seat of reason, wi...

Soul increasingly reduced to observable mental or bodily processes. Locke: denies innate ideas—soul as tabula rasa, a passive receiver.  Start of the NATURE / NURTURE ...

Soul is active, not passive—central to constructing experience. Kant: we can never know "soul" as a thing-in-itself. Fichte: ego (Ich) posits itself—soul as dynamic se...

All matter possesses some form of experience or consciousness. William James: stream of consciousness is continuous, plural, and lived. Rejects both materialism and soul-subst...