The process by which information from the environment is received and interpreted. This includes recognizing patterns, faces, and nuances in language or music.

The ability to identify a problem and find a solution, which might involve creativity, critical thinking, and the application of knowledge.

The ability to store and retrieve information over time. This involves both short-term (working) memory and long-term memory.

The capacity to solve problems using logic. This can be deductive reasoning, where conclusions are drawn from given information, or inductive reasoning, where conclusions are drawn from observations.